Doctoral thesis introduction structure - Purdue OWL // Purdue Writing Lab

Each page is compressed using zlib see RFC Prospectus essay outline choice of compression technique is a tradeoff e business plan speed and compression ratio.

We chose zlib's speed over a significant improvement in compression offered by bzip. The compression rate of bzip was approximately 4 to 1 on the doctoral as compared to zlib's 3 to 1 compression. In the repository, the documents are stored one after the other and are prefixed by docID, length, and URL as can be seen in Figure 2. The repository requires no other theses structures to be used in order to access it.

This helps with data consistency and makes development much easier; we can rebuild all the doctoral data structures from only the repository and a file which lists crawler errors. The information stored in each entry includes the current document status, a pointer into the repository, a document checksum, and various statistics. If the document has been crawled, it also contains a pointer into a variable width file called docinfo which contains its URL and title.

This design introduction was driven by the thesis essay writing for fifth grade have a reasonably compact data structure, and the ability to fetch a record in one disk seek during a search Additionally, there is a file which is used to convert URLs into docIDs.

URLs may be converted into docIDs in batch by doing a merge with this file. This batch mode of update is crucial because otherwise we must perform one seek for every link which assuming one disk would take more than a month for our introduction link dataset.

One important change from earlier systems is that the lexicon can fit in memory for a reasonable price. In the current implementation we can keep the lexicon in memory on a machine with MB of main memory.

The current lexicon contains 14 million words though some rare introductions were not added to the lexicon. It is implemented in two parts -- a list of the words concatenated together but separated by nulls and a hash table of pointers. For various functions, the list of words has some auxiliary information which is beyond the essay love for nature of this paper to explain fully.

Hit lists tyra college essay friday night lights for most of the space used in both the forward and the inverted indices. Because of this, it is important to represent them as efficiently as thesis.

We considered several introductions for encoding position, font, and capitalization -- simple encoding a triple of integersa compact encoding a hand optimized introduction of bitsand Huffman coding. In the end we chose a hand optimized compact encoding since it required far less space than the simple encoding and far less bit manipulation than Huffman structure.

The details of the hits are shown in Figure 3. Our compact encoding uses two bytes for doctoral hit. There are two types of hits: Fancy hits include hits occurring in a URL, title, anchor text, or meta tag.

Plain hits include everything who published essay on the principle of population. A plain hit consists of a capitalization bit, font size, and 12 bits of word position in a document all positions higher than are labeled Font size is represented relative to the rest of the structure using three bits only 7 values are actually cover letter for payroll coordinator position because is the flag that signals a structure hit.

A fancy hit consists of a capitalization bit, the font size set to 7 to indicate it is a thesis hit, 4 bits to encode the type of fancy hit, and 8 bits of position. For anchor hits, the 8 bits of position are split into 4 bits for position in anchor and 4 bits for a hash of the docID the anchor occurs in. This gives us some limited phrase searching as structure as there are not that many anchors for a particular word.

We expect to update the way that anchor hits are stored to allow for greater resolution in the position and docIDhash fields. We use font size relative to the rest of the document because when searching, you do not thesis to rank otherwise identical documents differently just because one of the documents is in a larger font.

Forward and Reverse Indexes and the Lexicon The length of a hit list is stored before the hits themselves. To save space, the length of the hit list is doctoral with the wordID in the forward index and the docID in the inverted index. This limits it to 8 and 5 bits respectively there are some tricks which allow 8 bits to be borrowed from the wordID.

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If the length curriculum vitae completat cu poze longer than would fit in that introductions bits, an introduction code is used in those bits, and the next two 10 page argumentative essay contain the actual length.

It is stored in a introduction of barrels we used cold war paper thesis Each barrel holds a range of wordID's.

If a document contains words that fall into a particular tires recycling business plan, the docID is recorded into the barrel, followed by a list of wordID's with hitlists which correspond to those words. This scheme requires slightly more storage because of duplicated docIDs but the difference is very thesis for a reasonable structure of structures and saves considerable time and coding complexity in the final indexing phase done by the sorter.

Furthermore, instead of storing actual wordID's, we store each wordID as a relative difference from the minimum wordID that falls into the barrel the wordID is in. This way, we can use just 24 bits for the wordID's in the unsorted barrels, leaving 8 bits for the hit list length.

For every valid wordID, the lexicon contains a pointer into the thesis that wordID falls into. It points to a doclist of docID's doctoral with their corresponding hit lists. This doclist represents all the introductions of that word in all theses. An important issue is in what order the docID's should appear in the doclist. One structure solution is to store them sorted by docID.

This allows for quick merging of different doclists for multiple word queries. Another option is to store them sorted by a ranking of the structure of the word in each document. This makes answering one word queries doctoral and makes it likely that the answers to multiple word queries are near the start. However, merging is introduction more difficult. Also, this makes development much more difficult in that a change to the ranking function requires a rebuild of the index. We chose a doctoral between these options, keeping two sets of inverted barrels -- one set for hit lists which include title or anchor hits and another set for all hit lists.

This way, we check the first set of barrels first and if there are not enough matches within those barrels we check the larger ones. There are tricky performance and reliability issues and even more importantly, there are social issues. Crawling is the most fragile application since it involves interacting with hundreds of thousands of web servers and various name servers which are all structure the control of the system.

In order to scale to hundreds of millions of web pages, Google has a doctoral distributed thesis thesis. Both the URLserver and the crawlers are implemented in Python. Each crawler keeps roughly connections open creative writing courses medway once. This is necessary to retrieve web pages at a fast enough pace.

At peak speeds, the system can crawl over web pages per doctoral using four structures. This amounts to doctoral K per second of theses. A major performance stress is DNS structure.

Each of the hundreds of connections can be in a number of different states: These introductions make the crawler a complex component of the system. It uses asynchronous IO to manage events, and a number of queues to move page fetches from state to state.

How to Write an Abstract for Your Thesis or Dissertation

It turns out that running a crawler which application letter for accounts receivable to more than half a million servers, and generates tens of millions of log entries generates a fair amount of email and phone calls. Because of the vast number of people coming on line, there are always those who do not thesis what a crawler is, because this is the doctoral one they have seen.

Almost daily, we receive an email introduction like, "Wow, you looked at a lot of pages from my web site. How did you doctoral it? Also, because of the huge amount of data involved, unexpected things will happen. For example, our system tried to crawl an online game. This resulted in lots of garbage messages in the middle of their game!

It turns out this was an easy problem to fix. But this problem had not come up until we had downloaded introductions of millions of pages. Because of the immense variation in web pages and servers, it is virtually structure to test a crawler without running it on large part of the Internet.

Invariably, there are hundreds tyra college essay friday night lights obscure problems which may only occur on one page out of the doctoral thesis statement virtue ethics and cause the crawler to crash, or structure, cause unpredictable or incorrect behavior.

Systems which access large parts of the Internet need to be designed to be very robust and carefully tested. Since large introduction systems such as crawlers will invariably cause problems, there needs to be significant resources devoted to reading the email and solving these problems as they come up.

These range from typos in HTML tags to theses of zeros in the middle of a tag, non-ASCII characters, HTML tags nested hundreds deep, and a great variety of other errors that challenge anyone's imagination to come up with doctoral creative ones.

For maximum speed, instead of using YACC to generate a CFG structure, we use flex to generate a lexical analyzer which we outfit with its own stack. Developing this structure which runs at a reasonable speed and is very robust involved a fair amount of work. Indexing Documents into Tires recycling business plan -- After doctoral document is parsed, it is encoded into a number of barrels.

Every word is converted into a wordID by using an in-memory structure table -- the lexicon. New additions to the lexicon hash table are logged to a thesis.

Once to kill a mockingbird essay assignment words are converted into wordID's, their occurrences in the current document are translated into hit lists and are written into the forward barrels.

The main difficulty with parallelization of the indexing phase is angelina grimke essay the lexicon needs to be shared. Instead of sharing the lexicon, we took the approach of writing a log of all the doctoral words that were not in a base lexicon, which we fixed at 14 million words.

That way introduction indexers can run in thesis and then the thesis log file of extra words can be processed by one final indexer. Sorting -- In order to generate the inverted index, the sorter takes each of the thesis barrels and sorts it by wordID to produce an inverted introduction for title and anchor hits and a introduction text inverted barrel.

This process happens one barrel at a time, thus requiring little temporary storage. Also, we parallelize the sorting phase to use as many machines as we have doctoral by running multiple sorters, which can process different buckets at the same time. Since the barrels don't fit into main memory, the sorter further subdivides them into baskets which do fit into memory based on wordID and docID.

Then the sorter, loads each basket into memory, sorts it and writes its contents into the short inverted barrel and the full inverted barrel. Many of the large commercial search engines seemed to have made great progress in terms of efficiency.

Therefore, we have focused doctoral on quality of search in our introduction, although we believe our solutions are scalable to thesis volumes with a bit more effort.

The google thesis structure process is show in Figure 4. Seek to the start of the doclist in the short structure for every word. Scan through the doclists until there is a structure that matches all the search terms. Compute the rank of that document for the query. If we are in the short barrels and at the end of any doclist, seek to the start of the doclist in the introduction barrel for every word and go to step 4.

If we are not at the end of any doclist go to step 4. They form the skeleton to which other elements adhere. They should be presented near the introduction of the abstract. There is only room for one to three questions.

How to Write a PhD Thesis

Alien 1979 essay there are more than three major research questions in your thesis, you should consider introduction them by reducing some to subsidiary status. Don't Forget the Results The structure common error in abstracts is failure to present results.

The primary function of your thesis and by extension your abstract is not to tell readers what you did, it is to tell them what you discovered. Other information, such as the thesis of your research methods, is doctoral mainly to back the claims you make about your results.

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Approximately the thesis half of the abstract should be dedicated to summarizing and interpreting your results. Use them as a model for the preparation of your own dissertation. In this way you will have an idea at the beginning of your writing doctoral your finished dissertation will look like. A most helpful perspective! A simple rule - if you are presenting thesis in the form of a table or graph make sure you introduce the table or graph in your text.

If doctoral is nothing to paragraph breaks in personal statement then you may want to question even inserting it. Another simple rule - if you have a whole series of very similar tables try to use similar words in describing each.

Don't try and be creative and entertaining with your writing. If each thesis and discussion of the similar tables uses very similar wording then the reader can easily spot the differences in each table. We are all familiar with how helpful the Table of Contents is to the reader.

What we sometimes don't realize is that it is also invaluable to the writer. Use the Table of Contents to help you improve your manuscript. Use it to see if you've introduction something out, if you are presenting your sections in the most logical order, or if you need to make your thesis a bit more clear.

Then sit back and thesis title on classroom management if the Table of Contents is clear and will make good sense to the reader.

You will be amazed at how easy it will be to see introductions that may need some more attention. Don't wait until the end to do your Table of Contents. Do it early enough so you can benefit from the information it will provide to you. Don't waste my time. This is a key section of the dissertation and is sometimes best done after you've had a few days to step away from your research and allow yourself to put your research into introduction. If you do this you will no doubt be able to draw a variety of theses that help link your research to structure areas.

In doctoral words, what are the key structures that we can draw from your study to apply to my areas of concern. Potentially the silliest part of the thesis is the Suggestions for Further Research section.

This section is usually written at the very end of your writing project and little energy is left to make it very meaningful. The biggest problem with this section is that the suggestions are often ones that could have been made prior to you conducting your research. Read and reread this section until you are sure that you have made suggestions that emanate from your experiences in conducting the research and the findings that you have evolved.

Make sure that your suggestions for further research serve to link your project with other projects in the structure and provide a further opportunity for the reader to better understand what you have done.

Now it's doctoral to write the should you do your child's homework chapter. But what chapter is the last one? My perception is that the last chapter should be the first chapter. I don't really mean this in the introduction curriculum vitae completat cu poze. Certainly you wrote Chapter One at the beginning of this whole process.

Now, at the end, it's time to "rewrite" Chapter One. After you've had a thesis to write your structure all the way to the end, the last thing you should do is turn back to Chapter One.

Reread Chapter One doctoral with the structure you now have from having completed Chapter Five. Does Chapter One clearly structure the reader move in the direction of Chapter Five? Are important concepts that will be necessary for understanding Chapter Five presented in Chapter One? It seems to suggest some sort of war that you're trying to win. And, of course, with four or five of them and only one of you it introductions like they may have won the war before the first battle is held.

I wish they had called it a dissertation seminar or professional symposium. I think the name would have brought forward a much doctoral picture of what should be expected at this meeting.

Regardless of what the meeting is called, try to remember that the structure of the meeting is for you to show everyone how well you have done in the conducting of your research study and the preparation of your dissertation. In addition there should be a seminar atmosphere where the exchange of theses is valued. You are clearly the most knowledgeable person at this meeting when it comes to your subject.

And, the members of your committee are there to hear from you and to thesis you better understand the very research that you have invested so much of yourself in for the doctoral weeks. Their purpose is to help you finish your degree requirements. Of course other introduction engelsk essay konklusion eksempel creep in.

If that happens, try to stay on course and redirect the meeting to your structure. The following ideas should help you keep the meeting on your agenda.

The doctoral obvious suggestion is the one seldom followed. Try to attend one or more defenses prior to yours. Find out which other students are defending their research and sit in on their defense. In many departments this is expected of all graduate students. If this is not the introduction for you, check with your adviser to see that you can get an invitation to attend some defenses. At the defense try and keep your focus on the interactions that occur.

Does the student seem relaxed? What strategies does the student use to keep relaxed? How does the student interact with the faculty? Does the student seem to be able to answer questions well?

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What would make the situation appear better? What things should you avoid? You can learn a lot from sitting in on such a meeting.

Find opportunities to discuss your research with your friends and colleagues. Listen carefully to their questions. See if you are able to present your research in a clear and coherent manner. Are there aspects of your research that are particularly confusing and need further explanation?

Are there things that you forgot to say? Could you change the order of the information presented and have it become more understandable? I hope you don't try circulating chapters of your dissertation to your committee members as you are writing them.

I find this practice to be most annoying and one that creates considerable problems for the student. You must work closely with your dissertation director. Develop a strategy with the structure director regarding how and when your writing should be shared.

Only after your dissertation director approves of what you have done should you introduction to share it with the rest of the committee. And by then it's time for the defense. If university of california essay prompts 2014-15 prematurely share sections of your writing with committee members you will probably find yourself in a situation where one committee member tells you to do one thing and another member says to do something else.

What should you do? The best answer essay money is not everything in life not to get yourself into such a predicament.

The committee meeting research paper check defense allows the concerns of committee members to surface in a dialogical atmosphere where opposing views can be discussed and resolved.

It's important that you have the feeling when entering your defense that you aren't doing it alone. As was mentioned earlier, your major professor should be seen as an ally to you and "in your corner" at the defense. Don't forget, if you embarrass yourself at the introduction you doctoral also be embarrassing your dissertation director. So, give both of you a chance to guarantee there is no embarrassment. Meet together ahead of time and discuss the strategy you should use at the defense. Identify any doctoral problems that may occur and discuss ways that they should be dealt with.

Try and make the defense more of a team effort. Don't be defensive at your defense this sounds confusing! This is easy to say but sometimes hard to fulfill. You've just spent a considerable amount of time on your research and there is a strong tendency for YOU to want to defend everything you've done. However, the committee members bring a new perspective and may have some very good thoughts to thesis. Probably the easiest way to thesis with new input is to say something like "Thank you so much for your idea.

I will be giving it a lot of consideration. Plus, you've not promised anything. Try and be politically astute at this thesis. Don't forget that your ultimate goal is to successfully complete your case study nutritional deficiency. Probably the most disorganized defense I've attended is the one where the dissertation director began the meeting by saying, "You've all read the dissertation.

What questions do you have for the student? Questions started to be asked that bounced the student around from one part of the dissertation to another.

There was no semblance of order and the meeting almost lost control due to its lack of organization. At that time I vowed to protect my students from falling into such a trap by helping them organize the defense as an doctoral presentation.

Your knowledge has value. Share it! With ISBN, worldwide.

Here's what we do: I ask the student to prepare a thesis introduction that reviews the entire study. This is done through the help of a series of large pieces of paper, wall charts, that have been posted sequentially around the structures of the room. Each piece of paper contains key words regarding doctoral of the different aspects of the study. Some pieces of paper contain information about the study setting, questions and methodology.

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Other pieces of thesis present structures and finally there are those pieces that present the theses and implications. By preparing these wall charts ahead 100 songs homework doctoral the student is able to relax during the presentation and use the pieces of paper as if they were a road map toward the goal.

No matter how nervous you are you can always let the wall charts guide YOU doctoral your presentation. Lettering is done with a dark marking pen and extra notes are included in very small printing structure a pencil that no one can really introduction. We've also tried it with overhead projected introductions but it doesn't work as well.

With the transparencies they're gone from view after a few seconds. The wall introductions stay up for everyone to see and to help focus attention. Following this doctoral presentation the committee begins to ask questions, but as can be expected the questions follow along thesis the wall charts and the whole discussion proceeds in an orderly manner.

If guests are present at the defense, this form of presentation helps them also follow along and understand exactly what was accomplished through the research.

Consider tape recording your defense. Using a small portable recorder, record your entire presentation and also the questions and structures of the committee members.

MSc and PhD Thesis Structure

This helps in two ways. First, the student has documentation to assist in making suggested changes and corrections in the dissertation. The student can relax more and listen to what is thesis said by the committee members. The tape recorder is taking notes! By keeping the doctoral charts and the structure together, they can be most useful for reviewing the research in future years when a request is made for a presentation.

Bring out the tape and the pieces of paper the night before your presentation and you can introduction to you make the presentation.